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Abu Yaqub Yusuf
Abu Ya`qub Yusuf or Yusuf I ((アラビア語:أبو يعقوب يوسف) ''Abū Ya‘qūb Yūsuf''; 1135 – 14 October 1184)〔 was the second Almohad ''Amir'' or caliph. He reigned from 1163 until 1184 in Marrakech. He had the Giralda in Seville built as well as Koutoubia in Marrakech and Hassan Tower in Rabat.
==Life==
Yusuf was the son of Abd al-Mu'min, the first caliph of the Almohad dynasty. Originally hailing from North Africa, Yusuf and his bloodline were descended from the Zenata Berbers. Like a number of Almohad rulers, Yusuf favored the Zahirite or literalist school of Muslim jurisprudence and was a religious scholar in his own right. He was said to have memorized Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, two collections of the prophet Muhammad's statements considered canonical in Sunni Islam, by heart, and was a patron of the theologians of his era.〔Shawqi Daif, Introduction to Ibn Mada's ''Refutation of the Grammarians'', pg. 5. Cairo, 1947.〕 Respected men of letters such as Ibn Rushd and Ibn Tufayl were entertained at his court.〔Kojiro Nakamura, "Ibn Mada's Criticism of Arab Grammarians." ''Orient'', v. 10, pgs. 89-113. 1974〕 Yusuf favored Cordoban polymath Ibn Maḍāʾ as his chief judge; during the Almohad reforms, the two oversaw the banning of any religious material written by non-Zahirites.〔Kees Versteegh, ''The Arabic Linguistic Tradition'', pg. 142. Part of Landmarks in Linguistic Thought series, vol. 3. New York: Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415157575〕 Yusuf's son al-Mansur would eventually take the reforms even further, actually burning non-Zahirite books instead of merely banning them.〔Shawqi Daif, Introduction to Ibn Mada's ''Refutation of the Grammarians'', pg. 6. Cairo, 1947.〕
In 1170 he invaded Iberia, conquering al-Andalus and ravaging Valencia and Catalonia. The following year he established himself in Seville.〔"The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain," taken from Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari's ''Nafhut Tibb min Ghusn al-Andalus al-Ratib wa Tarikh Lisan ad-Din Ibn al-Khatib''. Translated by Pascual de Gayangos y Arce from copies in the British Museum. Pg. 319. London: The Orientalist Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. Sold by W. H. Allen Ltd and M. Duprat.〕 He ordered the construction of numerous buildings, such as the Alcazar, the Buhaira palace and the fortress of Alcalá de Guadaíra.
Abu Ya'qub Yusuf was defeated by Afonso I of Portugal at the Siege of Santarém (1184), in which he died, his body was sent from Seville to Tinmel where he was buried.〔Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi "al-Mojib fi Talkhis Akhbar al-Maghrib" (Pleasant Book in Summarizing the History of the Maghreb ) (1224) pp.125-126〕
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